Role and Prognosis of Extracorporeal Life Support in Patients Who Develop Cardiac Arrest during or after Office-Based Cosmetic Surgery

Background@#Cardiac arrest during or after office-based cosmetic surgery is rare, and little is known about its prognosis. We assessed the clinical outcomes of patients who developed cardiac arrest during or after cosmetic surgery at office-based clinics. @*Methods@#Between May 2009 and May 2016, 32 patients who developed cardiac arrest during or after treatment at cosmetic surgery clinics were consecutively enrolled. We compared clinical outcomes, including complications, between survivors (n=19) and non-survivors (n=13) and attempted to determine the prognostic factors of mortality. @*Results@#All 32 of the patients were female, with a mean age of 30.40±11.87 years. Of the 32 patients, 13 (41%) died. Extracorporeal life support (ECLS) was applied in a greater percentage of non-survivors than survivors (92.3% vs. 47.4%, respectively; p=0.009). The mean duration of in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) was longer for the non-survivors than the survivors (31.55±33 minutes vs. 7.59±9.07 minutes, respectively; p=0.01).The mean Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation score was also higher among non-survivors than survivors (23.85±6.68 vs. 16.79±7.44, respectively; p=0.01). No predictor of death was identified in the patients for whom ECLS was applied. Of the 19 survivors, 10 (52.6%) had hypoxic brain damage, and 1 (5.3%) had permanent lower leg ischemia.Logistic regression analyses revealed that the estimated glomerular filtration rate was a predictor of mortality. @*Conclusion@#Patients who developed cardiac arrest during or after cosmetic surgery at office-based clinics experienced poor prognoses, even though ECLS was applied in most cases. The survivors suffered serious complications. Careful monitoring of subjects and active CPR (when necessary) in cosmetic surgery clinics may be essential.

Acute Traumatic Arterial Occlusions Combined with Massive Morel-Lavallée Lesions Treated by Percutaneous Angioplasty, Multiple Debridements and Skin Grafts

Morel-Lavallée lesions (MLL) create pre-fascial space by shearing the subcutaneous tissues away from the underlying fascia, in a patient with trauma. Necrosis of the overlying skin can develop over a wide area of the lesion. The lesion might be contaminated by the surgical site due to careless intrusion when treating the combined arteriopathy. A 70-year-old woman presented with avulsion of the skin over the right foot and bilateral leg pain following a car accident. Computed tomography showed bilateral popliteal artery occlusion with large hematoma on both legs. Percutaneous angioplasty was performed with successful restoration of the flow. However, the skin color changes over time. Necrosis of the skin occurred over a wide area of the right leg. Extensive debridement was performed, and the defect was covered with a skin graft. MLLs can occur in patients with multiple traumas, multiple vascular injuries, and complex skeletal injury. Vascular surgeons treating multiple traumas should be aware of the diagnostic and management options for MLL. It should be diagnosed early because it can be difficult to manage once the overlying skin develops necrosis.

Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction Predicts Poststroke Cardiovascular Events and Mortality in Patients without Atrial Fibrillation and Coronary Heart Disease

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: It is controversial that decreased left ventricular function could predict poststroke outcomes. The purpose of this study is to elucidate whether left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) can predict cardiovascular events and mortality in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) without atrial fibrillation (AF) and coronary heart disease (CHD). METHODS: Transthoracic echocardiography was conducted consecutively in patients with AIS or transient ischemic attack at Soonchunhyang University Hospital between January 2008 and July 2016. The clinical data and echocardiographic LVEF of 1,465 patients were reviewed after excluding AF and CHD. Poststroke disability, major adverse cardiac events (MACE; nonfatal stroke, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and cardiovascular death) and all-cause mortality during 1 year after index stroke were prospectively captured. Cox proportional hazards regressions analysis were applied adjusting traditional risk factors and potential determinants. RESULTS: The mean follow-up time was 259.9±148.8 days with a total of 29 non-fatal strokes, 3 myocardial infarctions, 33 cardiovascular deaths, and 53 all-cause mortality. The cumulative incidence of MACE and all-cause mortality were significantly higher in the lowest LVEF ( < 55) group compared with the others (p=0.022 and 0.009). In prediction models, LVEF (per 10%) had hazards ratios of 0.54 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.36–0.80, p=0.002) for MACE and 0.61 (95% CI, 0.39–0.97, p=0.037) for all-cause mortality. CONCLUSIONS: LVEF could be an independent predictor of cardiovascular events and mortality after AIS in the absence of AF and CHD.

Multiple Markers of Contrast Induced Nephropathy after the Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

OBJECTIVE: Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) frequently occurs after percutaneous intervention. Objective of this study was to investigate the usefulness of serum cystatin C, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalcin (NGAL), urinary kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), and interleukin-18 (IL-18) as early predictors for CIN after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). METHODS: In 53 patients who underwent PCI were enrolled. Serum creatinine and cystatin C level were measured immediately before, and 24 hours and 48 hours after catheterization. Serum NGAL, urinary KIM-1, and IL-18 were measured immediately before, and 4 hours, 24 hours, and 48 hours after catheterization. CIN was defined as a rise in creatinine 0.5 mg/dL or 25% above baseline. RESULTS: CIN occurred in four patients (7.5%). Serum cystatin C levels were higher at 24 hours and 48 hours in CIN patients than in those without CIN (P<0.05). Serum NGAL levels were higher at 48 hours in CIN patients than in those without CIN. Urinary KIM-1 levels were higher at 48 hours in CIN patients than in those without CIN. There were no significant markers of CIN on multi-variate analysis. CONCLUSION: In this study, the occurrence of CIN after PCI was 7.5%. Although there were some time-course changes in serum cystatin C and urinary KIM-1 after PCI, there was no significant predictor for CIN after PCI.

Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction Predicts Poststroke Cardiovascular Events and Mortality in Patients without Atrial Fibrillation and Coronary Heart Disease

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES@#It is controversial that decreased left ventricular function could predict poststroke outcomes. The purpose of this study is to elucidate whether left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) can predict cardiovascular events and mortality in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) without atrial fibrillation (AF) and coronary heart disease (CHD).@*METHODS@#Transthoracic echocardiography was conducted consecutively in patients with AIS or transient ischemic attack at Soonchunhyang University Hospital between January 2008 and July 2016. The clinical data and echocardiographic LVEF of 1,465 patients were reviewed after excluding AF and CHD. Poststroke disability, major adverse cardiac events (MACE; nonfatal stroke, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and cardiovascular death) and all-cause mortality during 1 year after index stroke were prospectively captured. Cox proportional hazards regressions analysis were applied adjusting traditional risk factors and potential determinants.@*RESULTS@#The mean follow-up time was 259.9±148.8 days with a total of 29 non-fatal strokes, 3 myocardial infarctions, 33 cardiovascular deaths, and 53 all-cause mortality. The cumulative incidence of MACE and all-cause mortality were significantly higher in the lowest LVEF ( < 55) group compared with the others (p=0.022 and 0.009). In prediction models, LVEF (per 10%) had hazards ratios of 0.54 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.36–0.80, p=0.002) for MACE and 0.61 (95% CI, 0.39–0.97, p=0.037) for all-cause mortality.@*CONCLUSIONS@#LVEF could be an independent predictor of cardiovascular events and mortality after AIS in the absence of AF and CHD.

Simple Management of Radial Artery Perforation during Transradial Percutaneous Coronary Intervention / 대한내과학회지

Radial artery perforation is one of the major complications of transradial percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Previous reports have suggested that sealing the perforation with a smaller guiding catheter may be possible. In one such study, the perforated segment was sealed with a 0.014- or 0.021-inch guidewire, and PCI was successfully completed. In this study, we describe a radial artery perforation that occurred after diagnostic coronary angiography and during insertion of a 6 French (FR) guiding catheter. PCI and the perforation were successfully managed through the use of a 5 Fr guiding catheter and a 0.035-inch guidewire.

Delayed Surgery for Aortic Dissection after Intravenous Thrombolysis in Acute Ischemic Stroke

We report a case of aortic dissection masquerading as acute ischemic stroke followed by intravenous thrombolysis. A 59-year-old man presented with dizziness. After examination, the patient had a seizure with bilateral Babinski signs. Soon after identifying multiple acute infarctions in both hemispheres on diffusion-weighted brain magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) was administered. Both common carotid arteries were invisible on MR angiography, and subsequent chest computed tomography revealed an aortic dissection. The emergency operation was delayed for 13 hours due to t-PA administration. The patient died of massive bleeding.

Association between Left Atrial Enlargement on Echocardiography and In-hospital Detection of Atrial Fibrillation in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke

OBJECTIVE: Longstanding hypertension lead to left ventricular diastolic dysfunction with a development of a left atrial enlargement (LAE) which may result in vulnerability to atrial fibrillation (AF). Paroxysmal AF is usually unrevealed in the acute period of ischemic stroke, but is crucial for anticoagulation to prevent recurrent stroke. This study was aimed to investigate the frequency of LAE and the predictors of paroxysmal AF during the hospitalization of acute ischemic stroke. METHODS: A total 1,643 consecutive patients with acute ischemic stroke were registered in between January 2005 and December 2014. The subjects who had AF before index stroke or at admission were excluded. The clinical and echocardiographic findings of all patients were reviewed. Paroxysmal AF were detected on electrocardiography of Holter monitoring during hospitalization. LAE were defined as LA diameter larger than 44 mm in echocardiography. We compared the frequency of LAE between the patients with or without AF. Logistic regression analysis were performed to determine the echocardiographic parameters for prediction of paroxysmal AF. RESULTS: The mean age was 67.3 and the male was 55.6%. AF were detected in 123 (11.4%) of LAE(-) group but were detected in 102 (49.0%) in LAE(+) group. In logistic regression analysis, LAE significantly predicted for newly detected AF during hospitalization after adjusting covariates (odds ratio, 5.698; 95% confidence interval, 3.799-8.546; P<0.001). CONCLUSION: LAE was an independent predictor for AF during hospitalization in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Prolonged electrocardiography monitoring should be meticulously indicated for acute ischemic stroke with LAE to detect paroxysmal AF.

Infective Endocarditis with Unusual Location of Vegetation in a Patient with Hemodialysis Followed by Recurrent Catheter-Related Blood Stream Infection

The incidence of infective endocarditis (IE) in hemodialysis patients is higher than the general population. Hemodialysis patients with IE have a poorer prognosis than other patients with IE. The most common sites of IE in hemodialysis patients are the mitral valve and aortic valve. A 47-year-old woman had suffered from recurrent catheter-related blood stream infection and she was strongly suspected of IE. Despite repeated transthoracic echocardiography and transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), IE was revealed several months later by TEE due to the unusual location of the vegetation. The vegetation was detected on the left ventricle outflow tract. She recovered well without any complication after mitral valve replacement surgery.

Successful Endovascular Stent-Graft Repair for Complicated Type B Aortic Dissection Developed in a Patient with Polycystic Kidney Disease

Polycystic kidney disease (PCKD) is rarely associated with aortic dissection (AD), which is a life-threatening disease. Although endovascular stent-graft repair tends to show better outcomes than conventional therapies in complicated type B AD (TBAD), successful endovascular intervention of TBAD with malperfusion in a patient with PCKD has not been reported. This case shows a 37-year-old male who had sudden onset of sharply stabbing epigastric pain with severe hypertension, who was diagnosed with TBAD and PCKD by a computed tomography and initially underwent medical treatment. Four days after discharge, he was rehospitalized with left leg pain and paresthesia due to left lower leg malperfusion. Thoracic endovascular stent-graft repair covering the primary tear site of dissection was performed successfully, leading to a decrease in false lumen and improvement of symptoms. We report the case of complicated TBAD in a patient with PCKD treated with endovascular stent-graft repair.

Right Ventricular Rupture Caused by Prolonged Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation after Sudden Cardiac Arrest / 대한내과학회지

A 46-year-old male arrived at the emergency department with acute dyspnea. On the way to the hospital, heart massage was performed in the ambulance due to asystole on electrocardiography. After 2 hr of resuscitation, sinus rhythm was restored. Extracorporeal life support and an intra-aortic balloon pump were applied due to cardiogenic shock, but the patient showed sustained hypotension. Echocardiography showed moderate pericardial effusion with physiological evidence of cardiac tamponade; emergency pericardiocentesis was performed, which produced bloody pericardial fluid. An explorative sternotomy revealed a massive hematoma in the mediastinum and right ventricular (RV) free wall rupture. After primary repair, echocardiography showed improved left ventricular systolic function and the patient was stable clinically. This case presents RV free wall rupture as an unusual complication of prolonged heart massage. Heart rupture should be considered in hemodynamically unstable patients after prolonged heart massage.

Extreme septal hypertrophy in an adolescent with congenital familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

No abstract available.

Atypical (Inverted) Stress Cardiomyopathy due to Epinephrine Injection

Stress cardiomyopathy or Takotsubo cardiomyopathy can mimic acute myocardial infarction and recognition of this disease by emergency physician is important. Cardiomyopathy can be represented as variant type - classic, inverted or reverse, mid ventricular, localized. The left ventricular dysfunction that occurs with stress cardiomyopathy is believed to be secondary to a catecholamine surge brought on by intense psychological or physical stress. Regional differences in adrenergic sensitivity or innervation could explain the different variations in wall motion abnormalities. We report here on a case of inverted type stress cardiomyopathy due to iatrogenic epinephrine injection. We hope to raise awareness of the possible harmful effects of epinephrine on the myocardium even in younger patients. Thus, clinicians should be prepared to suspect, recognize, and manage this disease in patients with acute coronary syndrome like symptoms and be aware of possible iatrogenic triggers.

Primary Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Pericarditis in a Patient Undergoing Hemodialysis

We report a case of a 41-year-old man undergoing hemodialysis who presented with a sudden fever and dyspnea. He developed a severe pericardial effusion due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, which was identified in both blood and pericardial fluid cultures. He was successfully treated with intravenous vancomycin for 6 weeks. Although such cases are very rare in Korea, the current case describes a primary purulent pericarditis without any other potential infectious foci.

Consecutive Multivessel Myocardial Infarction during Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention / 대한내과학회지

ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) involving multivessel coronary arteries is extremely rare. Consecutive STEMI in a nonculprit vessel during primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) of the culprit vessel has not been reported. A 53-year-old male presented to the emergency department with anterior wall STEMI. Just after successful primary PCI of the left anterior descending artery, inferior wall STEMI developed. PCI of the right coronary arteries was performed successfully. Five days later, the patient was discharged without symptoms of heart failure. This case underlines the high thrombogenicity along the coronary arteries in patients with STEMI.

Contact dermatitis caused by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring

No abstract available.

Thebesian vein Combined with Apical Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

A 52-year-old woman presented with atypical chest pain. Coronary angiography demonstrated multiple microfistulae between left coronary artery and left ventricle (LV) cavity, extensive enough to produce an LV angiogram. This LV angiogram revealed apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) which was confirmed by echocardiography. Coronary steal phenomenon by coronary artery microfistulae and HCM might have a role for developing of angina in patient with apical HCM.

Atypical Coronary Occlusion in a Patient with ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Caused by a Masked Aortic Dissection / 대한내과학회지

ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) caused by an acute aortic dissection is relatively rare. A diagnosis of dissection can be missed and the situation can become complicated. We report a patient who presented with acute aortic dissection responsible for STEMI related to a dissecting flap into the right coronary artery. This case emphasizes the need for careful assessment of the aorta in cases of atypical coronary occlusion in patients with STEMI without evidence of atherosclerosis in non-culprit coronary segments. The patient was discharged 7 days after primary percutaneous intervention for STEMI. However, she revisited the emergency department for recurrent chest pain and aortic dissection and was diagnosed and managed successfully with surgery.

Atypical Coronary Occlusion in a Patient with ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Caused by a Masked Aortic Dissection / 대한내과학회지

ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) caused by an acute aortic dissection is relatively rare. A diagnosis of dissection can be missed and the situation can become complicated. We report a patient who presented with acute aortic dissection responsible for STEMI related to a dissecting flap into the right coronary artery. This case emphasizes the need for careful assessment of the aorta in cases of atypical coronary occlusion in patients with STEMI without evidence of atherosclerosis in non-culprit coronary segments. The patient was discharged 7 days after primary percutaneous intervention for STEMI. However, she revisited the emergency department for recurrent chest pain and aortic dissection and was diagnosed and managed successfully with surgery.

Comparison of the Efficacy and Safety between Transradial and Transfemoral Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of transradial percutaneous coronary intervention (TRI) compared with transfemoral percutaneous coronary intervention (TFI) in patients with ischemic heart disease. METHODS: We reviewed retrospectively the medical records including imaging data of the patients with ischemic heart disease who underwent TRI or TFI from January 2007 to December 2009 in Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital. We compared major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCEs) including death, myocardial infarction, revascularization, stent thrombosis, and cerebrovascular accident during follow-up period. We also compared procedure related vascular complications including hematoma, arteriovenous fistula, pseudoaneurysm, and infection. RESULTS: Total number of patients was 347 (256 patients of TRI and 91 patients of TFI). There were no significant differences in the rate of MACCEs between two groups. There were significantly less procedure-related vascular complications in TRI group (3.1% vs. 11.0%, P=0.010). CONCLUSION: TRI is as effective as TFI with no difference in the rate of MACCEs in patients with ischemic heart disease. TRI is superior to TFI in safety with reduction of vascular complications.